Aleksandr pushkin biography

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Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born 6 June (26 May, Old Style) 1799, Moscow, and died 10 February 1837 (29 January, New Style), St Petersburg. He was a Russian poet, novelist, dramatist and writer of short stories.

Many think he was the greatest Russian poet. He started the great tradition of Russian literature. Pushkin wrote in a way that no other Russian had done before: he used the Russian language as it was spoken instead of writing in a style based on old church books. His influence on other Russian writers was enormous and several Russian composers set his stories and poems to music. His poetry is very hard to translate well into other languages because the words are full of special meanings in Russian culture. His novels, especially Eugene Onegin, are widely read.

Pushkin was the great-grandson of an African of the Tzar Peter the Great. He was killed in a duel in 1837 at the age of 37.

Early years[change | change source]

Pushkin’s father came from an old aristocratic family. On his mother’s side Pushkin had African ancestors. His great-grandfather Abram Gannibal was an Abyssinian who was living in a palace of the Turkish sultan in Istanbul. The Russian ambassador bought him as a present for Peter the Great, the tsar of Russia. Gannibal became a favourite of Peter the Great and he was sent to Paris to study. He became very rich. Pushkin was proud of his great-grandfather and wrote about him in a novel called The Negro of Peter the Great.

In 19th century Russia all aristocratic families learned to speak French, so Pushkin and his brother and sister spoke and wrote in French more than in Russian. The children were cared for by a nurse, Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva. It was the nurse who taught them to love the Russian language. She told the children Russian folktales. Pushkin also spoke Russian to the peasants and he read many books in his father’s library.

When he was 12 he went to a new school called the Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo. Years later this school was renamed Pushkin after their famous pupil. He soon started writing romantic poems in Russian using Russian tales of heroes and adventures. Ruslan and Ludmila was a poem that was later to be made into an opera by Mikhael Glinka.

Adulthood[change | change source]

In 1817, Pushkin got a job in the foreign office at St. Petersburg. He soon became interested in politics and supported the Decembrist revolt of 1825 when a group of noblemen and army officers tried to put another tsar in power and make him less powerful. Pushkin wrote some political poems. The result was that he was told he had to leave St. Petersburg. He had to spend six years in exile in the south of the country: in the Caucasus and the Crimea. He wrote about his experiences in the south in several romantic narrative poems (long poems which tell a story). He started work on a novel in verse called Yevgeny Onegin (or Eugene Onegin). He did not finish it until 1833. This was to be his most famous work. It was used by many musicians including Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky who made it into an opera. The poem shows typical Russian people in the society of his day.

Pushkin was angry that he was still in exile and he wrote many letters to his friends. Many of these letters were later published. He spent a lot of time drinking, gaming and fighting with swords. He fell in love with the daughter of a Count for whom he was working. The Count managed to get Pushkin exiled to his mother’s estate near Pskov at the other end of Russia. Pushkin spent two years here. He was lonely, but he studied Russian history and talked to the peasants. The poems he wrote were full of ideas from Russian culture. He wrote one of his major works: Boris Godunov, a drama about a story from Russian history. The composer Modest Mussorgsky later made an opera from it. Boris Godunov was a cruel tsar in the 17th century. Pushkin’s play shows that the ordinary people had a lot of power. This made it difficult for Pushkin to get it published.

Return from exile[change | change source]

After the revolt in 1825 the new tsar Nicholas I realized that Pushkin was by now very famous. He also realized that he had not taken part in the revolt, so he allowed him to return. The tsar said that he himself would censor Pushkin’s works before they were allowed to be published. He said that he was going to be a good tsar and help the poor people (the serfs) to become free. Pushkin was in a difficult position because he could not write anything that the tsar would not like.

He had to be very careful not to say bad things about the rulers of the country. The police watched him very carefully. Yet at this time Pushkin wrote a large number of great works, almost each one of them being the first of their kind in Russian literature. One example is the short story The Queen of Spades, which Tchaikovsky made into an opera and which was to be a great influence on the novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky.

Last years[change | change source]

In his last years, Pushkin was again in government service in St. Petersburg. He married in 1831 and had to spend a lot of time in society at court. He wrote more and more prose. He wrote a history of Peter the Great and a historical novel The Captain’s Daughter. He kept asking the tsar to let him resign from his job and go to the country to spend his time writing. The tsar would not allow that. In 1837, Pushkin was killed in a duel. He had been forced to fight the duel in order to defend his wife’s honour.

Pushkin’s achievements[change | change source]

The Russian language today would be very different if it had not been for Pushkin. Using the language as it was spoken by the people he made it into a language which was simple but which could also express deep feelings. His works were a great influence on later writers like Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov and Leo Tolstoy. Yevgeny Onegin was the first Russian novel which told a story about the society of the time. His works have been translated into all the major languages

Other websites[change | change source]

  • Eugene Onegin
  • Pushkin works available from archive.org (various languanges)
  • Pushkin poetical works

Источник

Aleksandr Pushkin, in full Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, (born May 26 [June 6, New Style], 1799, Moscow, Russia—died January 29 [February 10], 1837, St. Petersburg), Russian poet, novelist, dramatist, and short-story writer; he has often been considered his country’s greatest poet and the founder of modern Russian literature.

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The early years

Pushkin’s father came of an old boyar family; his mother was a granddaughter of Abram Hannibal, who, according to family tradition, was an Abyssinian princeling bought as a slave at Constantinople (Istanbul) and adopted by Peter the Great, whose comrade in arms he became. Pushkin immortalized him in an unfinished historical novel, Arap Petra Velikogo (1827; The Negro of Peter the Great). Like many aristocratic families in early 19th-century Russia, Pushkin’s parents adopted French culture, and he and his brother and sister learned to talk and to read in French. They were left much to the care of their maternal grandmother, who told Aleksandr, especially, stories of his ancestors in Russian. From Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, his old nurse, a freed serf (immortalized as Tatyana’s nurse in Yevgeny Onegin), he heard Russian folktales. During summers at his grandmother’s estate near Moscow he talked to the peasants and spent hours alone, living in the dream world of a precocious, imaginative child. He read widely in his father’s library and gained stimulus from the literary guests who came to the house.

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In 1811 Pushkin entered the newly founded Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo (later renamed Pushkin) and while there began his literary career with the publication (1814, in Vestnik Evropy, “The Messenger of Europe”) of his verse epistle “To My Friend, the Poet.” In his early verse, he followed the style of his older contemporaries, the Romantic poets K.N. Batyushkov and V.A. Zhukovsky, and of the French 17th- and 18th-century poets, especially the Vicomte de Parny.

While at the Lyceum he also began his first completed major work, the romantic poem Ruslan i Lyudmila (1820; Ruslan and Ludmila), written in the style of the narrative poems of Ludovico Ariosto and Voltaire but with an old Russian setting and making use of Russian folklore. Ruslan, modeled on the traditional Russian epic hero, encounters various adventures before rescuing his bride, Ludmila, daughter of Vladimir, grand prince of Kiev, who, on her wedding night, has been kidnapped by the evil magician Chernomor. The poem flouted accepted rules and genres and was violently attacked by both of the established literary schools of the day, Classicism and Sentimentalism. It brought Pushkin fame, however, and Zhukovsky presented his portrait to the poet with the inscription “To the victorious pupil from the defeated master.”

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St. Petersburg

In 1817 Pushkin accepted a post in the foreign office at St. Petersburg, where he was elected to Arzamás, an exclusive literary circle founded by his uncle’s friends. Pushkin also joined the Green Lamp association, which, though founded (in 1818) for discussion of literature and history, became a clandestine branch of a secret society, the Union of Welfare. In his political verses and epigrams, widely circulated in manuscript, he made himself the spokesman for the ideas and aspirations of those who were to take part in the Decembrist rising of 1825, the unsuccessful culmination of a Russian revolutionary movement in its earliest stage.

Exile in the south

For these political poems, Pushkin was banished from St. Petersburg in May 1820 to a remote southern province. Sent first to Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine), he was there taken ill and, while convalescing, traveled in the northern Caucasus and later to Crimea with General Rayevski, a hero of 1812, and his family. The impressions he gained provided material for his “southern cycle” of romantic narrative poems: Kavkazsky plennik (1820–21; The Prisoner of the Caucasus), Bratya razboyniki (1821–22; The Robber Brothers), and Bakhchisaraysky fontan (1823; The Fountain of Bakhchisaray).

Although this cycle of poems confirmed the reputation of the author of Ruslan and Ludmila and Pushkin was hailed as the leading Russian poet of the day and as the leader of the romantic, liberty-loving generation of the 1820s, he himself was not satisfied with it. In May 1823 he started work on his central masterpiece, the novel in verse Yevgeny Onegin (1833), on which he continued to work intermittently until 1831. In it he returned to the idea of presenting a typical figure of his own age but in a wider setting and by means of new artistic methods and techniques.

Yevgeny Onegin unfolds a panoramic picture of Russian life. The characters it depicts and immortalizes—Onegin, the disenchanted skeptic; Lensky, the romantic, freedom-loving poet; and Tatyana, the heroine, a profoundly affectionate study of Russian womanhood: a “precious ideal,” in the poet’s own words—are typically Russian and are shown in relationship to the social and environmental forces by which they are molded. Although formally the work resembles Lord Byron’s Don Juan, Pushkin rejects Byron’s subjective, romanticized treatment in favour of objective description and shows his hero not in exotic surroundings but at the heart of a Russian way of life. Thus, the action begins at St. Petersburg, continues on a provincial estate, then switches to Moscow, and finally returns to St. Petersburg.

Pushkin had meanwhile been transferred first to Kishinyov (1820–23; now Chişinău, Moldova) and then to Odessa (1823–24). His bitterness at continued exile is expressed in letters to his friends—the first of a collection of correspondence that became an outstanding and enduring monument of Russian prose. At Kishinyov, a remote outpost in Moldavia, he devoted much time to writing, though he also plunged into the life of a society engaged in amorous intrigue, hard drinking, gaming, and violence. At Odessa he fell passionately in love with the wife of his superior, Count Vorontsov, governor-general of the province. He fought several duels, and eventually the count asked for his discharge. Pushkin, in a letter to a friend intercepted by the police, had stated that he was now taking “lessons in pure atheism.” This finally led to his being again exiled to his mother’s estate of Mikhaylovskoye, near Pskov, at the other end of Russia.

At Mikhaylovskoye

Although the two years at Mikhaylovskoye were unhappy for Pushkin, they were to prove one of his most productive periods. Alone and isolated, he embarked on a close study of Russian history; he came to know the peasants on the estate and interested himself in noting folktales and songs. During this period the specifically Russian features of his poetry became steadily more marked. His ballad “Zhenikh” (1825; “The Bridegroom”), for instance, is based on motifs from Russian folklore; and its simple, swift-moving style, quite different from the brilliant extravagance of Ruslan and Ludmila or the romantic, melodious music of the “southern” poems, emphasizes its stark tragedy.

In 1824 he published Tsygany (The Gypsies), begun earlier as part of the “southern cycle.” At Mikhaylovskoye, too, he wrote the provincial chapters of Yevgeny Onegin; the poem Graf Nulin (1827; “Count Nulin”), based on the life of the rural gentry; and, finally, one of his major works, the historical tragedy Boris Godunov (1831).

The latter marks a break with the Neoclassicism of the French theatre and is constructed on the “folk-principles” of William Shakespeare’s plays, especially the histories and tragedies, plays written “for the people” in the widest sense and thus universal in their appeal. Written just before the Decembrist rising, it treats the burning question of the relations between the ruling classes, headed by the tsar, and the masses; it is the moral and political significance of the latter, “the judgment of the people,” that Pushkin emphasizes. Set in Russia in a period of political and social chaos on the brink of the 17th century, its theme is the tragic guilt and inexorable fate of a great hero—Boris Godunov, son-in-law of Malyuta Skuratov, a favourite of Ivan the Terrible, and here presented as the murderer of Ivan’s little son, Dmitri. The development of the action on two planes, one political and historical, the other psychological, is masterly and is set against a background of turbulent events and ruthless ambitions. The play owes much to Pushkin’s reading of early Russian annals and chronicles, as well as to Shakespeare, who, as Pushkin said, was his master in bold, free treatment of character, simplicity, and truth to nature. Although lacking the heightened, poetic passion of Shakespeare’s tragedies, Boris excels in the “convincingness of situation and naturalness of dialogue” at which Pushkin aimed, sometimes using conversational prose, sometimes a five-foot iambic line of great flexibility. The character of the pretender, the false Dmitri, is subtly and sympathetically drawn; and the power of the people, who eventually bring him to the throne, is so greatly emphasized that the play’s publication was delayed by censorship. Pushkin’s ability to create psychological and dramatic unity, despite the episodic construction, and to heighten the dramatic tension by economy of language, detail, and characterization make this outstanding play a revolutionary event in the history of Russian drama.

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Источник

Детство

Александр Пушкин родился 26 мая (6 июня) 1799 года в небогатой дворянской семье. Начальное образование, как это было принято у дворян, маленький Пушкин получил дома, его обучением занимались учителя и гувернеры, приглашаемые родителями из разных стран Европы. При этом, несмотря на яркий ум, будущее светило русской поэзии никак нельзя было назвать прилежным учеником, преподаватели и родные отмечали в нем отсутствие усердия, но со временем мальчик увлекся чтением.

Уже в возрасте семи лет в Пушкине начал развиваться его творческий талант. Начитавшись Мольера, Лафонтена и Вольтера, он сочинял на французском языке маленькие комедии, басни и даже пытался написать поэму.

Лицей

В 1811 году после создания Царскосельского лицея 12-летний Пушкин оказывается включенным в список его воспитанников. Высокий уровень преподавания и требований к лицеистам дали будущему поэту то, что не смогли дать учителя и гувернеры в родном доме. Хотя отдельные науки все-таки давались ему с трудом, среди них была математика и логика. Свободное время Пушкин уделял литературе, а в 1814 году впервые опубликовал свое стихотворение «К другу-стихотворцу» в журнале «Вестник Европы». Год спустя талант литературного гения оценил известный поэт и государственный деятель Гавриил Романович Державин, которому молодой Пушкин прочел свое стихотворение «Воспоминания в Царском Селе». Именитый муж пришел в полный восторг, а стихотворение было опубликовано в журнале «Российский музеум». В лицейский период Александр Сергеевич познакомился и сдружился с Антоном Дельвигом, Иваном Пущиным, Вильгельмом Кюхельбекером, с которыми поддерживал отношения всю жизнь.

Окончив Царскосельский лицей, Александр Пушкин был зачислен в Коллегию иностранных дел чиновником десятого класса. Но государственная служба его не интересовала, Александра Сергеевича больше увлекала светская жизнь, особенно он был востребован в литературных кружках и обществе петербургских писателей.

На юге

В 1819 году через близкое к декабристам литературное общество «Зеленая лампа», куда вступил поэт, в творчество и мировоззрение Александра Сергеевича начинает проникать политика. Новые друзья обсуждали и пропагандировали свободолюбивые идеи. В этот период своего творчества Пушкин пишет оду «Вольность», а также стихотворения «К Чаадаеву» и «Деревня», что не осталось без внимания со стороны властей. Если бы не заступничество Николая Карамзина перед императором, Александра Пушкина могли сослать в Сибирь, а так он был всего лишь переведен по службе на юг. Но еще до переезда молодой гений успел закончить поэму «Руслан и Людмила», прочитав которую Василий Жуковский подарил Пушкину свой портрет с подписью «Победителю-ученику от побежденного учителя».

В 1820 году Пушкин на пути в Кишинев на некоторое время заезжает на Кавказ, а затем в Крым, чтобы поправить свое здоровье. Этот период тоже вскоре найдет свое отражение в стихотворных произведениях, таких как «Кавказский пленник» и «Бахчисарайский фонтан». Уже в Кишиневе Александр Сергеевич, предоставленный сам себе, пишет «Песнь о вещем Олеге», а также начинает роман в стихах «Евгений Онегин». При этом творения поэта начинают публиковать в Петербурге, и он приобретает популярность в качестве поэта и писателя.

Ссылка

В 1823 году Александр Пушкин переехал в Одессу, добившись перевода по службе в канцелярию графа Воронцова, но здесь ему не удалось выстроить отношения с начальством, и вскоре поэт попросил отставки. Но еще до того, как он успел это сделать, в Москве полиция вскрыла его письмо другу-лицеисту Кюхельбекеру и сочла его содержание настолько недопустимым, что вместе с отставкой Пушкин был определен в ссылку. Следующие два года поэт пребывал в родовом имении в селе Михайловском Псковской области под надзором и без содержания.

В Михайловском Пушкин жил в одиночестве, родные покинули имение. Единственной, кто скрашивал одиночество поэта, была няня Арина Родионовна. Сказки и народные песни няни сильно повлияли на творчество Александра Сергеевича, а ее литературный образ появился в некоторых произведениях писателя. В этот период Пушкиным была написана трагедия «Борис Годунов», что стало новым этапом в его творчестве.

В конце 1825 года после смерти Александра I Пушкин надеялся на помилование от нового императора, но ему помешало Восстание декабристов, члены которого ранее были связаны с поэтом. Однако после того, как в 1826 году был опубликован первый сборник «Стихи Александра Пушкина» и поэт обрел всенародную любовь, Николай I пригласил его на аудиенцию в Петербург. Император планировал, что Пушкин станет придворным поэтом, но сближения не произошло, Александр Сергеевич оставался на позициях свободомыслия, что не устраивало консервативную власть. За Пушкиным установили надзор и ограничили его передвижения.

Свадьба

В 1829 году поэт на балу познакомился с Натальей Гончаровой и сразу влюбился в 16-летнюю девушку. А через несколько месяцев сделал предложение, но родители Натальи не дали своего согласия на свадьбу. Расстроенный Пушкин уехал к брату на Кавказ. Вернувшись с Кавказа Александр Сергеевич вновь посватался и на этот раз получил одобрение. До свадьбы оставалось только решить вопрос с имуществом жениха. Пушкин отправился в другое родовое имение – в Болдино Нижегородской губернии, где отец поэта выделил ему часть усадьбы и две сотни крестьян. Но в Болдино пришлось задержаться на всю осень из-за эпидемии холеры, наложившей карантинный запрет на переезд Пушкина в Москву. Здесь за короткий срок Александр Сергеевич закончил «Евгения Онегина» и написал множество других произведений. В декабре 1830 года Пушкин вернулся в Москву и вскоре обвенчался с возлюбленной.

Последние годы

В 1831 году поэт был принят на службу для написания «Истории Петра», но быстро увлекся образом предводителя крестьянского восстания Емельяна Пугачева и даже отправился в небольшую экспедицию по местам восстания, чтобы собрать материал для своего романа.

После этого осенью 1833 года Пушкин вновь уехал в Болдино, где закончил научное сочинение «История Пугачева», написал «Сказку о рыбаке и рыбке», «Сказку о мертвой царевне и о семи богатырях», поэму «Медный всадник», которую запретили к публикации, начал работу над «Пиковой дамой».

После возвращения в Петербург Пушкин попытался оставить службу или хотя бы получить продолжительный отпуск, но предложенные условия его не устроили, и он остался в столице. На эти годы приходится застой в творчестве поэта, некоторые произведения оказываются запрещенными к печати, другие выходят с трудом и не получают широкого признания. К тому же Пушкин много экспериментирует, и эти изменения не находят отклика у читателя.

В 1836 году Пушкин получает разрешение на издание альманаха под названием «Современник», где публикуется он сам и другие именитые поэты и писатели, такие как Николай Гоголь, Иван Тургенев, Василий Жуковский. Однако издание оказалось убыточным и, чтобы хоть как-то поднять количество подписчиков, Пушкин публикует в нем свой роман «Капитанская дочка». Работа над журналом занимала все время поэта.

Дуэль

В ноябре того же года вслед за ухаживаниями кавалергарда Жоржа Дантеса за Натальей Гончаровой начинают расползаться грязные слухи и рассылаться анонимные пасквили. Пушкин вызвал Дантеса на дуэль, которая была отсрочена, а затем отменена по причине брака между французом и сестрой Натальи Гончаровой Екатериной. Однако женитьба не изменила поведения Дантеса, никуда не делись и разного рода слухи с оскорбительными намеками в адрес Натальи Николаевны. 26 января (7 февраля) 1837 года Пушкин направил приемному отцу обидчика, служившему послом Голландии в России, Луи Геккерну оскорбительное письмо, результатом которого стал вызов на дуэль. Дипломат не мог стреляться на дуэли, и его представлял именно Дантес. Дуэль состоялась на следующий день на Черной речке. Пушкин получил ранение в живот, которое для того времени считалось смертельным. Через день – 29 января (10 февраля) Александр Сергеевич скончался. На похороны великого русского поэта пришла половина Петербурга. Тело Пушкина захоронили на территории Святогорского Успенского монастыря Псковской губернии недалеко от могилы матери.

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Источник

Alexander Pushkin

Alexander Pushkin bi Vasily Tropinin

BornAlexander Sergeyevich Pushkin
6 Juin 1799
Moscow, Roushie Empire
Dee’d10 Februar 1837 (aged 37)
Saunt Petersburg, Roushie Empire
ThriftPoet, novelist, playwright
LeidRoushie, French
NaitionalityRoushie
Alma materTsarskoye Selo Lyceum
PeriodGowden Age o Roushie Poetry
GenreNovel, novel in verse, poem, drama, short story, fairytale
Leeterar muivementRomanticism, pre-realism
Notable warks Eugene Onegin, The Caiptain’s Dochter, Boris Godunov, Ruslan an Ludmila
SpooseNatalia Pushkina (1831–1837)
BairnsMaria, Alexander, Grigory, Natalia
RelativesSergei Lvovich Pushkin, Nadezhda Ossipovna Gannibal
Signatur

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (Roushie: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин; 6 June [A.S. 26 May] 1799 – 10 February [A.S. 29 January] 1837) wis a Roushie author o the Romantic era[1] who is considered bi mony tae be the greatest Roushie poet[2][3][4][5] an the foonder o modren Roushie leeteratur.[6][7]

Pushkin wis born into Roushie nobility in Moscow. His great-grandfaither frae his mither’s side – Abram Gannibal – wis brocht ower as a slave frae Africae an haed risen tae become an aristocrat.[8] Pushkin published his first poem at the age o fifteen, an wis widely recognisit bi the leeterar establishment bi the time o his graduation frae the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

While unner the strict surveillance o the Tsar’s poleetical polis an unable tae publish, Pushkin wrote his maist famous play, the drama Boris Godunov. His novel in verse, Eugene Onegin, wis serialisit atween 1825 an 1832.

Notoriously touchy aboot his honour, Pushkin focht as mony as twinty-nine duels, an wis fatally woondit in such an encounter wi Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d’Anthès. D’Anthès, a French officer servin wi the Chevalier Gaird Regiment, haed been attemptin tae seduce the poet’s wife, Natalya Pushkina.

Works[eedit | eedit soorce]

Narrative poems[eedit | eedit soorce]

  • 1820 – Ruslan i Lyudmila (Руслан и Людмила); Scots translation: Ruslan an Ludmila
  • 1820–21 – Kavkazskiy plennik (Кавказский пленник); Scots translation: The Prisoner o the Caucasus
  • 1821 – Gavriiliada (Гавриилиада) ; Inglis/Scots translation: The Gabrieliad
  • 1821–22 – Bratya razboyniki (Братья разбойники); Scots translation: The Robber Brithers
  • 1823 – Bakhchisaraysky fontan (Бахчисарайский фонтан); Scots translation: The Foontain o Bakhchisaray
  • 1824 – Tsygany (Цыганы); Inglis/Scots translation: The Gypsies
  • 1825 – Graf Nulin (Граф Нулин); Scots translation: Count Nulin
  • 1829 – Poltava (Полтава); Scots translation: Poltava
  • 1830 – Domik v Kolomne (Домик в Коломне); Scots translation: The Wee Hoose in Kolomna
  • 1833 – Andjelo (Анджело); Inglis/Scots translation: Angelo
  • 1833 – Medny vsadnik (Медный всадник); Inglis translation: The Bronze Horseman

Verse novel[eedit | eedit soorce]

  • 1823–31 – Yevgeny Onegin (Евгений Онегин); Inglis translation: Eugene Onegin

Drama[eedit | eedit soorce]

  • 1825 – Boris Godunov (Борис Годунов)
  • 1830 – Malenkie tragedii (Маленькие трагедии); Scots translation: The Wee Tragedies
    • Kamenny gost (Каменный гость); Scots translation: The Stone Guest
    • Motsart i Salyeri (Моцарт и Сальери); Scots translation: Mozart an Salieri
    • Skupoy rytsar (Скупой рыцарь); Scots translations: The Miserly Knicht, The Covetous Knicht
    • Pir vo vremya chumy (Пир во время чумы); Scots translation: A Feast in Time o Plague

Prose[eedit | eedit soorce]

  • 1828 – Arap Petra Velikogo (Арап Петра Великого); Scots translation: Peter the Great’s Negro, unfeenished novel
  • 1831 – Povesti pokoynogo Ivana Petrovicha Belkina (Повести покойного Ивана Петровича Белкина); Scots translation: The Tales o the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin
    • Vystrel (Выстрел); Scots translation: The Shot, short story
    • Metel (Метель); Scots translation: The Blizzard, short story
    • Grobovschik (Гробовщик); Scots translation: The Undertaker, short story
    • Stanzionny smotritel (Станционный смотритель); Scots translation: The Stationmaster, short story
    • Baryshnya-krestyanka (Барышня-крестьянка); Scots translation: The Squire’s Dochter, short story
  • 1834 – Pikovaya dama (Пиковая дама); Scots translation: The Queen o Spades, short story
  • 1834 – Kirdzhali (Кирджали), short story
  • 1834 – Istoriya Pugacheva (История Пугачева); Scots translation: A History o Pugachev, study of the Pugachev’s Rebellion
  • 1836 – Kapitanskaya dochka (Капитанская дочка); Scots translation: The Caiptain’s Dochter, novel
  • 1836 – Puteshestvie v Arzrum (Путешествие в Арзрум); Scots translation: A Journey tae Arzrum, travel sketches
  • 1836 – Roslavlev (Рославлев), unfeenished novel
  • 1837 – Istoriya sela Goryuhina (История села Горюхина); Scots translation: The Story o the Veelage o Goryukhino, unfeenished short story
  • 1837 – Yegipetskie nochi (Египетские ночи); Scots translation: Egyptian Nichts, unfeenished short story
  • 1841 – Dubrovsky (Дубровский), unfeenished novel

Fairy tales in verse[eedit | eedit soorce]

  • 1830 – Сказка о попе и о работнике его Балде; Inglis translation: The Tale o the Priest an o His Workman Balda
  • 1830 – Сказка о медведихе; Scots translation: The Tale o the Female Bear (wis no feenished)
  • 1831 – Сказка о царе Салтане; Scots translation: The Tale o Tsar Saltan
  • 1833 – Сказка о рыбаке и рыбке; Scots translation: The Tale o the Fisherman an the Fish
  • 1833 – Сказка о мертвой царевне; Scots translation: The Tale o the Deid Princess
  • 1834 – Сказка о золотом петушке; Scots translation: The Tale o the Gowden Cockerel

References[eedit | eedit soorce]

  1. ↑ Basker, Michael. Pushkin and Romanticism. In Ferber, Michael, ed., A Companion to European Romanticism. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.
  2. ↑ Short biography from University of Virginia, retrieved on 24 November 2006.
  3. ↑ Allan Reid, “Russia’s Greatest Poet/Scoundrel”, retrieved on 2 September 2006.
  4. ↑ “Pushkin fever sweeps Russia”. BBC News, 5 June 1999, Retrieved 1 September 2006.
  5. ↑ “Biographer wins rich book price”. BBC News, 10 June 2003, Retrieved 1 September 2006.
  6. ↑ Biography of Pushkin at the Russian Literary Institute “Pushkin House”. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
  7. ↑ Maxim Gorky, “Pushkin, An Appraisal”. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
  8. ↑ Troyat, Henri (1957). “Pushkin’s Ethiopian Ancestry”. Ethiopia Observer. 6.

Further readin[eedit | eedit soorce]

  • Binyon, T. J. (2002) Pushkin: A Biography. London: HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-215084-0; US edition: New York: Knopf, 2003 ISBN 1-4000-4110-4
  • Yuri Druzhnikov (2008) Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism, Transaction Publishers ISBN 1-56000-390-1
  • Dunning, Chester, Emerson, Caryl, Fomichev, Sergei, Lotman, Lidiia, Wood, Antony (Translator) (2006) The Uncensored Boris Godunov: The Case for Pushkin’s Original Comedy University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0-299-20760-9
  • Feinstein, Elaine (ed.) (1999) After Pushkin: versions of the poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin by contemporary poets. Manchester: Carcanet Press; London: Folio Society ISBN 1-85754-444-7
  • Pogadaev, Victor (2003) Penyair Agung Rusia Pushkin dan Dunia Timur (The Great Russian Poet Pushkin and the Oriental World). Monograph Series. Centre For Civilisational Dialogue. University Malaya. 2003, ISBN 983-3070-06-X
  • Vitale, Serena (1998) Pushkin’s button; transl. from the Italian by Ann Goldstein. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux ISBN 1-85702-937-2
  • Телетова, Н. К. (Teletova, N. K.) (2007) Забытые родственные связи А.С. Пушкина (The forgotten family connections of A. S. Pushkin). Saint Petersburg: Dorn OCLC 214284063
  • Wolfe, Markus (1998) Freemasonry in life and literature. Munich: Otto Sagner ltd. ISBN 3-87690-692-X
  • Wachtel, Michael. “Pushkin and the Wikipedia” Pushkin Review 12–13: 163–66, 2009–2010
  • Jakowlew, Valentin. “Pushkin’s Farewell Dinner in Paris” (Text in Russian) Koblenz (Germany): Fölbach, 2006, ISBN 3-934795-38-2.

Freemit airtins[eedit | eedit soorce]

  • Warks bi Aleksandr Pushkin at Project Gutenberg
  • Warks bi or aboot Alexander Pushkin in leebraries (WorldCat catalogue)
  • Biographical essay on Pushkin. Bi Mike Phillips, British Library (Pdf).

Источник